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IT is an older term used back in the Analog "transfer" days. Now we have A to D converters, but for sampling - back then as Nomad already did an excellent reference to is the chips that "sampled" audio or signal and stored it as a charge versus a digital sample.
In the earlier days of transistorized echos - they had to find some way to delay the audio signal - so they used the "Bucket Brigade" design - as a means to sample - hold - transfer - sample - hold - transfer - - a daisy chain output. The variable potentiometers used in the archaic ones, set the "length of sample" as well as the "Clock speed" and then they came out with the ECHOMax - which took it to the next level.
Some of these "Bucket Brigade" devices allowed to "parallel" a sample into a set of data "bits" so they can be stored as 4 (16) or 8 (256) words - a form of compression to store sound effects and voice into Video Games Nowadays it's used more for String (Guitar) effects - here's a link to describe it...
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