The technical term is "Charge Coupled Device", or "CCD".
It behaves like a row of electron buckets,so to speak. It has a long string of capacitors, each with a pair of switch transistors. One feeding into it, the other one feeding out. Each pulse of a digital input, called the "clock" will cause each bucket to dump its stored voltage into the next one, and accept the voltage dumped into it from the previous one in line.
To use it for a voice echo, you feed your audio into the first bucket via the analog input pin. The output from the last bucket gets fed back into the input pin. The audio is a string of analog "snapshot" samples of analog voltage you feed into it. The speed of the echo changes when you change the frequency of the clock pulses.
The chip was developed as an image sensor. Each capacitor "bucket" would get charged in proportion to the intensity of light that falls on it. After you close the shutter, you pulse the clock input to get all those analog pixel voltages out of it.
But if you put it inside an opaque black plastic package, nobody will know that it's light sensitive.
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