1. Any theories as to the vertically polarized claim? I mean, how is that possible?
Dan, I would guess the idea has something to do with ideas for a low profile antenna, with high losses, low impedance, that can hear very weak signals, at very long distances. Better RX responses than the typical, more efficient 1/4 wave vertical radiator at very low frequencies.
I would have never thought about such an idea.
Sounds the very opposite of what you and I might expect, right?
Except for the fact, I once had a 100' feet of RG8x coax attached to a Starduster, and my radio buddies all around me kept telling me...my signal was very low. I didn't believe them, because I seemed to be able to talk to most of all my regulars all around me (local and DX). My radio Rx was always quiet (low to no static) when other's would be complaining they had S5 - S9 static.
I thought it was just my Starduster that was quiet.
However, when I took the antenna down I tested the coax with a dummy load and with 100 watts in I would get about 10 watts to the DL Plus the coax had a clear cover coat and I could see the dark discoloration on the shield, more or less from one end to another.
When I originally got the coax from a buddy he told me he had it installed on an A99 for maybe 10 years. I later learned that A99's and Stardusters, had the type of antenna connection...where the coax was directly below the antenna connector, and they were known to leak water into the coax below. My Starduster also showed an exceptionally wide bandwidth as well with a very low SWR all the way.
That was another sign of a problem, that at the time I did not understand either.
2. Why does this antenna/design need to be mounted over metal? That defies everything I’ve ever thought!
Well, in the report that Boyer made on land with the Northrop Corporation, they used metal sheeting over a very large area instead of using lossy Earth.
With the antenna on the USN ship 755 Wheeling they used the helicopter pad to mount the antenna, and they had the Ocean as a extended ground. If you ever operated a two-way radio in salt water you can really appreciate what an extended infinite ground can do for radio. I would guess this is what produced the great results they reported.